Propagation Constant

The voltage v(x,t) applied to the distributed constant lines in the x-direction is given by Equation 1,

where v0 is a constant, x is the position, ω is the angular frequency, t is the time, j is the imaginary unit,

The constant γ is the propagation constant. The real part of γ is the attenuation constant α and the imaginary part is the phase constant κp.

The voltage v(x,t) can also be represented without using the propagation constant γ as shown below.

In the equations, the constant β is used instead of the propagation constant γ. β is supported as well in Femtet

The relation between γ and β is given by the equations below.